polyandry social system in India: the country is now losing
A · Madai Mohan. L *
————————————————– ————————————————– ——–

What is polyandry?
Sociologists believe that this comes from the Greek word â? Polyandriaâ is ????,?? Fields? means a lot, eh? ” Andrew or andryâ?? mean men (ary), referring to the state of a woman who many people. Comments and inquiries anthropology, polyandry defines?, That women should have more than one spouse at the same timeâ ????. By Kapadia? Union in the form of polyandry, when a woman has more than one person at a time, or in which the share of the brothers of the woman or women, is a common ????. According to Goldstein, â? Polyandry is a form of marriage, when two or more male and Berreman brideâ ????, a? Form in which a woman has more than one spouse is timeâ ????. Sangree and Levin believes that? Time? Polyandryâ?? can be used as a reference to any situation in which a woman is married with two or more men simultaneouslyâ ????, Rapson adds to it, and says that â? polyandry is strictly epic one woman in marriage, family, brothers ????. Briffault view that â? Chat or additional rules nursing polygamy is that fraternal polyandry I. Ya what a woman contracts a marriage with another family, to marry the men of marriageable family ????.
/>
Polyandry are three basic requisites it is women, more than one person, and social sanctions in the marriage or union, or a legitimate public association. In doing so, clearly shows that the legitimacy of the (married) female polyandry in more than one male black. In other words, is recognized as a legitimate plurality of women’s husbands, polyandry. Subscribe to the marriage without the name of ASA?? Cicisbeismâ?? or â? concubinageâ ????.
/>
Types of polyandry
/>
Thus, as far as he is concerned about the types of polyandry is divided into two different categories, depending on the type of communication between husband and wife. In men, brothers, or not at all related. Thus, relational closeness polyandry is divided into two parts: the first fraternal polyandry, where his wife, all my brothers: 2 Non-fraternal polyandry, where his wife is not linked.
/>
Fraternal polyandry
/>
This man, woman all of my brothers. This type of polyandry distributed Khasas Delaware Dun. Fraternal polyandry occurs when the other tribes, or any other form, may be mentioned in Gallongs Madessars Malo, Kerala, etc. Mavilans. Rivers to the conclusion that all the land of fraternal polyandry, but it is not so much these days in practice.
/>
Non-fraternal polyandry
/>
Non-fraternal polyandry, the wife of a woman’s head, as his brother linked. A woman has the right to choose partners from among persons other than your husband? S brothers. He lives in an apartment in a row, and his wife are in a different one, the other spouse has no right to enter. Among all the land Nilgiri wife has every right to choose any person of his brother. The woman, a lot of people at one time that he spends the first month, say, the first man in the second month, second, third and so on, or as if it allocates months. Nayars considered the case, without the fraternal polyandry. Aiyappa believes (our personal discussion) that this type of polyandry polyandry, or such a thing of the past. Kotas actually polyandry. It turns out that some tribes, such as Karvazhies, Pulayas and Muthuvans mannans is Kerala.
/>
What contribution to the emergence and evolution of polyandry? Prince Peter of his work Momental polyandry (polyandry study), which is classified for reasons, for various reasons (polyandry) in 5 categories, namely, historical, demographic, sociological, economic and personal. But the most significant and important reason? Ecology / Environment? was not included as a separate good reason. â? So we, a group of several reasons that could lead to polyandry, in the following five categories.
/>
Historical View
/>
Mazhumdar writing Jaunsaries people live Jaunsar-Bavaria district Dehradun, UP explanation that polyandry Jaunsar-Bavaria increased mythology Khasas who put their home track. On the other hand, Prince Peter wrote? With regard to polyandry Mahabharata, India, Vysasa said candy more than one spouse is the country since time immemorial. Thus, historically justifiableâ ????. Based on your general condition and availability of information, Briffault writes that â? Polyandry practice of marriages between the Indo-Aryans in the Punjab was linked to the survival of other, more archaic and tribal to society that is culturally identical with the Hindu Kush polyandry people, where the invaders came to India.
/>
Environmental impact
/>
Environment, however, would dictate their terms and customs cooperation are growing out of necessity and invention of men. Simmons examine polyandry, or the product must be tough â? Unnatural? environment in which people recognize that? half a loaf is better than noneâ?? Singh, writing ancient polyandry of India wrote that â? Life was hard as ever, high relief and polyandry Mountain Absolutely helped his brother and the unity of the family. The population was close to the productive capacity of many men, one woman, like many women feel more secure environment for men inhospitable ????.
/>
A?? Ecology, probably the most important factor in favor of polyandry is thriving in the North-West Himalayan society. Polyandry among Khasas passed environment, as well as biological and social factors Khasas life among the other groups did not reflect the impact of environmental and biological factors. Van den Bargha Barash, and thought, â? Polyandry is lined with a very severe environmental conditions, such as conditionsâ ????. â? The analysis shows that polyandry was prevalent everywhere, including severe and social institutions, which can lead to adoptionâ ????.
/>
Afanasyev properly and correctly noted that â? Society and the environment, organically related to each other, resulting in the seizure of their money, not a fighter in nature or in society separatelyâ?? Crook assumptions Prince Pētera?? S write that he â? Shows the relationship between ecology and consistently polyandryâ ????. In another place, he will write Ladakh polyandryâ polyandry? S home â? It is adapted to eco-culture. It seems likely that early tribal settlements may have evolved as a way to solve their polyandrous tendencies environmental problemsâ ????.
/>
Emergence and existence of polyandry may be due to various factors, but polyandry is a social institution is closely linked with the environment and ecology is one of the most important factors determining polyandryâ ????. Cash and Coomar believes that? There is reason to believe that polyandry may be a kind of ecological condition of the product or the original ecological condition may have contributed to the development and feeding polyandryâ ????. Thus, it can be argued that the environment (environment) is one of the main factors and causes of polyandry.
/>
Hindu traditions
/>
The Mahabharata states, who traveled to India to be traveling around the traditional basis for creating unequal marriage, polyandry and polygamy among the brothers, both of whom are practicing in the same way, no matter how polyandry in Tibet and Nepal plowman region. The absence of substantial support polyandry demonstrates this anomaly among the institutions of marriage in the world, and further research, in particular, polyandrous cultures in India and Nepal, need to find the benefits of polyandry in a modern society.
/>
Demographic differences between men and women
/>
One of the most important and widely discuss the possible reason is polyandry demography. The difference between the sex ratio could be one of the main causes of spread of polyandry. McLennan Singh wrote in mind? For the origin of exogamy, who want to balance. And the origin of polyandry would also be the same causeâ ????. On the other hand, Drew believes that? Polyandrous cent of children born out of sex, history of women, but this is hypothetical ????. Breeks says Toda polyandry which is undoubtedly related to women and his lack of means in practice is now dependent on people.
/>
It was suggested that if there is polyandry, there is an excess of male children, but the lack of women in India and biological phenomena have never been limited only in areas of polyandry communities. The population was close to the productive capacity of many men, one woman polyandry. Another aspect of this? Check population growth in areas where emigration in a difficult situation? or warning, and the increasing number of families. Some countries, such as rivers, polyandry is usually recommended for women due to infanticide, but Walton said that? It should not be that with Jaunsar-Bavaria? Although polyandry / common there. Female infanticide literature clearly confirms that polyandry Cana? T result of female infanticide, but only a few women could be an additional factor for the spread of polyandry, with the environment.
/>
Cash and Mahato believes that? As the Himalayan regions of adverse weather conditions, limited resources, lack of food restrictions, subject to the existence of polyandry and the population helped to solve these problems, the main extentâ ????.
/>
Economic benefits
/>
Economics was appointed one of the major scientists of different polyandry (Westermarck Sachs, Kapadia, Furer-Haimendrof, Parmar, etc.). Shishaudhia believes that Jaunsar Bavaria-? This unequal distribution of marital property in the indirect promotion of the continuation of joint families, polyandry Region ????. Westermarck On the other hand, believed that it is quite possible that? Poverty and lack of women can easily lead to a combined polyandryâ ????. A?? Two additional reasons for polyandry miserable estate and labor (a) The third theory, developed a custom product feudalism ????.
/>
Sometimes it together? Lily deficit? avoid an estate? estate? and the high price of the bride. In Kinnaur â? Polyandry in the old days of state directly triggers sanctions requires partitionsâ ????. (Gazetteerm state of Punjab, Shimla Hill Country, the Government. Punjab). Furer-Heimendorf think? Asset charge plays an important role in shaping polyandryâ ????. Singh wrote? If the rich and polyandry, it is because they want to preserve their assets, to spread and reduce their impact. If the bride price is too high in some areas, one person can afford a lot of people pooling their resources to purchase common wifeâ ????. There was a lengthy discussion, the economy and the maintenance of polyandry, most researchers believe that this is one of the main causes of polyandry, and they had to work together with other forces.
/>
Analysis of the various shows that not one of the reasons that led to the preservation and polyandry, but the institution of many pathogens, and some of them are important, and some of them play a supporting role. But this is a collective manifesto for several reasons. Thus, one of the reasons why the theory does not hold well. The most important and basic reasons of ecology, demography and economics, as well as many others who have acted as a catalyst or addition to other causes of polyandry. Time and space will lead to polyandry in different communities at different times in different parts of the world, and thanks to numerous (and / or other) reasons. The cumulative effect should be responsible for various reasons, polyandry, and thus adapt to humans in space and time. In doing so, the theory is the only reason more explanation of the origin and existence of polyandry. />
Retrospect
/>
â? previously known data polyandry with Indus civilization in Sumer (were) associated with the ancient Sumera ????. According to Singh, â? It is well known as polyandry, and men like gods brings us back to the age of the Rig. Vedas, in the morning and Smritis, the Mahabharata and Ramayana, as well as zhaynov Buddhist texts, Kautilya and the “Kama Sutra”, and all supporting India in the beginning of its existence. And then confirmed the data in the literature and art and iconography of Tibet in the north with the presence of pockets of polyandry than Ceylon Southâ ????. Ambiguous disease polyandry in India in the past, especially when he married Draupadi is clear from previous work. Rigveda clearly allows polygamy, although perhaps monogamy might expect, the rules, polygamy, although permitted in class almost exclusively Rajanya polyandry is nowhere mentioned in the Rigveda. Some of those places where the wedding anthem? Husbandsâ?? (Plural) told about one woman can be explained on the basis of mythology.
/>
On the other hand, Wheeler published the opinion that â? Marriage is the brother of one of the spouses had a lot of existing institutions ????, Draupadi, when he married. But Muira?? I think that could polyandry is practiced, even before this period and should be placed on? Have been abandoned or have become discreditedâ ????. Kapadia was inclined to agree Muira?? S watch and write? Polyandry seems a bad time, as cultural traits Aitareya Brahmin (800 BC). When we say that a person can be a lot of women, but women can have only one wife. Repeat tradition “Mahabharata”. Since many women do not Adharma hand, but the breach of obligations by the first wife would be fine for womenâ Adharma ????.
/>
Westermarck wrote? Generally speaking, polyandry is not confined to the north of India, the Dravidian, or aria in Tibet – tribal or more boxes are often believed to exist, it is one of the earliest Aryansâ ????. Polyandry â? People never практыкаваў cis-Himalayan tract in northern India and among some tribes prior Dravidian or South Indian Dravidian groups. It should never accept a classical example of Draupati Brahmin culture, and some vague hint of polyandry in the Vedic mythology. Polyandry among these groups, tribes, and various models and have different origins and development of ????. He was not just for poor people, but it was also found between the â? Higher Classa?? people.
/>
Westermarck good account of the prevalence of polyandry in the world 4 continents, particularly in Latin America, Asia, Australia and Africa. Indian subcontinent, the institution primarily spread Himalayas India and some other pockets here and there. Westermarck, Prince Peter, Singh, Mazhumdar, traction and Tewari Kapadia, rivers, Iyer and many others who have seized about polyandry. Based on these studies and work polyandry is so easy to say that this body is common (and in some cases still are) among the various communities. Among some communities had been settled, while others are questionable. But nobody, not less, in polyandry, said there are among them one way or another.
/>
Prospect
/>
The practice of polyandry, which was previously reported not only in India but also the rest of the world was? Inverse FASTA ????

Tyagi, Tewari and Singh believes that? The practice of polyandry was more respectable in the central part of the country, or during the Gupta Madhayadesa onwardsâ ????. Elsewhere he writes that, â? Increased contacts between non-polyandrous societies in the plains of a serious invasion of their bodies and their distinctive family of polyandry is, as a comparative aging. Operations in different economic and political factors than the loss of polyandry from a large part of India, may be partly due to the â? Castesâ?? and exclusivity of individual Brahmanism contributed and talked about the trends clan polyandrous households. This is a clan or tribal feel, however, continue to live the caste system, and even polyandry can not be completely removed. But now the mood going on there, and polyandry are disappearing quickly as possible. />
Mann believes that raising literacy and education outside Ladakh, etc., are not in favor polyandry. Somewhat similar views of money and Coomar. If they write? Modern education, financial market and the economy improved communications and transportation, the new legislation on immigration nonpolyandrous people in the plains and low hills, etc. factors that lead to a reduction of this type marriageâ? ?. Polyandry in the Himalayas are disappearing. Bhat wrote? Changes, as scheduled and unscheduled, additional contacts are plain and the impact of modern technology and the growing influence of the public, said the precipitate changes in the capitalist economic subsystem and polyandry.
/>
As Iyer, polyandry is called? The rapid disappearance of its people and other victims in the West, because caste people civilizationâ ????. In the 19 th century between polyandry was reduced to Nayars and many of them are now considered dead.
/>
This institution polyandry may die a natural death. It could be several reasons, such as a ban on female infanticide, industrialization and urbanization, the influence of family type, and leads to monogamy, people with psychological, social, economic and political constraints, womenâ?? S awareness of their rights, etc. It is also possible that the mass causes the monogamous majority minority microcirculation, that archaic institution polyandry. Polyandry and, thus, people may simply imitate their neighbors in a monogamous people. Power of polyandry in different communities died out, and many others, such as Ladakh, Jaunsaris, etc., where it was before, at various stages of loss and degradation of. In short, polyandry can be destroyed in India (you can leave in some cases, however, several pockets) until the end of this century or at the end of the first quarter of the next century. So it is only the future of the book, especially the ethnographic material in the past.
/>
Links:
/>
First, Abraham, C. M. 1958, Kill polyandry as practiced in Travancore. East. Anth. , 12: 107-118.
/>
Second Aiyer, 1903 Subramaniam, Spanish, 1901, Vol. 1926 – Tanvancore report.
/>
Third Berreman, G. D. 1962nd plowman polyandry: base. Am. Anthropi. , 64 (1): 60-75.
/>
Fourth Breeks, J. B. 1873 m. The number of primitive tribes and monuments of â? Nilgirisâ ????. London. Wed Westermarck, 1921: 191
/>
Fifth Chandra, R. 1987, North-Western Himalayan polyandry – Some changes in trends. In Money and Coomar, 1987, pp. 130-154.
/>
Sixth Crook, J. M. 1987, polyandry Ladakh. In: Money and Coomar, 1987, pp. 23-53.
/>
Seventh Das Gupta, B. C. 1987-m Note polyandry among Gallong. Analytical evaluation. In Money and Coomar, 1987, pp. 343-348.
/>
Eighth Dunlop, R. H. B. 1,860 th Hunting in the Himalayas. Wed Westermarck, 1921, pp. 168-169.
/>
Ninth Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1969, Vol. 18 B. C. William Benton ed.
/>
Tenth Fischer, H. T. 1952nd polyandry. Int. Archives of Ethnography, 40: 106-115.
/>
11 Furer-Haimendorf, C. Background. 1966 castes and Kin in Nepal, India and Ceylon. Bombay: Asia Publishing House. House.
/>
12 Goldstein, H. C. 1976th fraternal polyandry and fertility in the high Himalayan valley in northwest Nepal. Hum. Eka. On 4: 223-233.
/>
13 Goff, EK and 1959th Nayars definition of marriage. Roy Jr. Anth. And articles. G. B. Irish, 89 (1 +2): 23-34.
/>
Fourteenth Hiatt, LR 1980 polyandry in Srilanka: test of parental investment theory. MAN, 15: 4
/>
Fifteenth Health, D. B. 1955-s sexual division of labor and cross-cultural field. 44-Annual Meeting. Am. Anth. Asso. Boston.
/>
Shestandtsatoy Iyer, L. AK 1968th social history of Kerala, Vol. First Pre-Dravidian, St. Petersburg – East Vol. Book and sellers.
/>
Seventeenth Iyer, L. AK 1909th Cochin tribes and castes, Vol. 1 and 2, Madras.
/>
Eighteen Kapadia, K. 1955, 1959th Marriage and Family in India. Bombay, Oxford Univ. Press.
/>
Nineteenth Leach, J. G. 1955 e polyandry, Inheritance and the definition of marriage. Male, 55: 182-186.
/>
Twentieth Linton, R. 1936 The study of man in London. Macmillan and Co.
/>
Twenty-first Mazhumdar, D. M. 1960, 1963rd Himalayan polyandry, London. Asian ed. House.
/>
Twenty-second Maine, J. D. 1951st Hindu treatise on the law and its application in Madras. Originally publ. in 1914.
/>
Twenty-third Notes and questions of anthropology, 1954th JRAI. London.
/>
Twenty-fourth Parmar, YS 1975-E as the Himalayan polyandry in Delhi. Vilas ed. House.
/>
Twenty-fifth Prince Peter H. G. H. 1963rd Study polyandry. The Hague, Mouton & Co.
/>
Twenty-sixth Money and SM Mahato 1985th Kinnaurese Himalayas. NOT memoirs. Sixty-third Calcutta. Anth. Survey of India.
/>
Twenty-seventh Rapson, E. J. 1968th Cambridge History of India. Volume 1 Ancient India, Delhi: S. Chand and Co., India 3 reprints.
/>
Twenty-eighth Shishaudhie, VK 1987, polyandry cis-Himalayan community. In Money and Coomar, 1987, pp. 220-232.
/>
Twenty-ninth Singh, R. D 1978 – polyandry ancient India. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. House Pvt. AS
/>
Thirtieth Tennet, J. F. 1859th Ceylon. Account on the island, natural, historical and topographical, London.
/>
Thirty-first traction, D. PK Tewari 1984th polyandry urgent anthropological point of view. Bull. Int. Comm. Lair. Anth. And ethno-politics. The UN Security Council Res. , 119-123.
/>
Thirty second Unni, K. Raman 1958, polyandry in Malabar. Sociological Bull. , 7 (1 +2): 62-79.
/>
Thirty-third Von den Bargha, P. & D. P. Barash, 1977, inclusive fitness and the structure of the human family. Am. Anthropi. , 79: 809-823.
/>
Thirty-fourth Walton, H. G., 1911 m Dehradun, A. Specify the name (list of names of U.S. Deptt. Provinces and Oudh Agro: Vol. 1). Allahabad, Govt. Press.
/>
Thirty-fifth Westermarck, E. 1921 History of Human Marriage “, Vol. III. London, Macmillan and Co Ltd
/>